[COMPLEX ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND POSTVACCINAL IMMUNE STATE].

This article was written on the base of the analysis of data of protocols of annual serological sturdies of the post-vaccination immunity status in indicator groups of populations, the analysis of samples of drinking water air and soil with the assessment of the socio-economic development of mono-towns and rural settlements. In the article there is reflected the comprehensive assessment of environmental factors and specific features of the formation of socio-economic conditions of rural communities and mono towns. There was performed a comparative assessment of the status of post-vaccination immunity to infections controlled by specific means of prevention, in different age groups in mono towns and rural settlements. There was established a dependence of the formation of post-vaccination immunity on the state of environmental factors.

[Effect of environmental factors on the formation of postvaccinal immunity].

In the present article there are considered the features of the formation of post-vaccination immunity in dependence on the level of anthropogenic load. The level of anthropogenic load on urban and rural areas on the base of the database of the Regional Foundation for Socio-hygienic monitoring of the Orenburg region has been determined. The assessment of the state of post-vaccination immunity was performed on average long-term indices in the indicator groups of children and adults. The distribution of the population throughout the strength of immunity to measles in dependence on area of residence has been determined. The relationship between the formation of post-vaccination immunity area of the residence has been established. In the population residing in urban areas the number of post- vaccination antibodies was significantly lower than that of the population in rural settlements.

[Sonographic parameters of spleen in children depending on the level of anthropogenic pollution of areas of residence].

Sonographic parameters of spleen in children living in the Orenburg region taking into account the level and character of anthropogenous pollution of territory of residing are studied. The analysis of indicators of pollution of factors of inhabitancy (atmospheric air, potable water soil) is carried out. One-stage population research of 7000 children aged from 1 to 18 years living in urbanized and rural territories is conducted. Research has established that the linear sizes of a spleen according to ultrasonic research in children living in urbanized territories appear to be more than the linear sizes of a spleen in children residing in rural areas. These data are related to the raised level of anthropogenous pollution of the urbanized territories.

[Effect of benzene and chromium on the trace element composition in biosubstrates in Wistar rats].

The chronic effects of benzene and chromium on the level of trace elements in the biospheres of Wistar rats were studied for 45, 90, and 135 days. As compared to the controls, the experimental groups of patients were found to have lower concentrations of copper (in blood) and iron (in blood and spleen) and higher levels of zinc (in blood, spleen) and chromium (in blood, spleen).

[Children's health status in relation to the level and nature of anthropogenic pollution].

The frequency of health groups 1 and 2 was studied in children living in the areas of the Orenburg Region, by taking into account the level and nature of their anthropogenic pollution. The pollution indicators of environmental objects (ambient air, drinking water, soil) were analyzed. A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in 7000 children aged 1 month to 18 years, who lived in the urban and rural areas. In the urban areas, health group 1 and 2 children were 2.2- and 1.6-foldfewer than that in the rural ones, respectively. Ambient air pollution was found to have a priority impact on the children's health.

[Characteristics of soil toxic compounds levels in urbanized areas (in case of Aktobe)].

The paper gives data on the levels of toxic chemicals in the soil of an industrial town. Rationale is provided for dividing the microareas of an Aktobe residential zone in relation to the soil level of chemical carcinogens.

[Association between the levels of metals and the intensity of oxidative stress in the body].

The hair levels of metals were measured in the workers of gas-and-chemical industry. The intensity of oxidative stress was estimated from the activity of antioxidative enzymes in the lysates of erythrocytes and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase. An association was found between the content of the metals under study and the intensity of free radical oxidation processes in persons engaged in different production cycles.

[Practical use of a methodology for assessing an aerogenic risk to human risk in the substantiation of a control area].

The aerogenic risk to health was assessed in the population living in an area under the influence of an petroleum refinery in order to define the ambient pollution hazard, to identify the leading risk factors and their sources for further development of the most effective managerial decisions to reduce the risk, which comprise the substantiation of the extent of a control area.

[Methodology for integrated assessment of anthropogenic and socioeconomic factors in the formation of a human health risk].

In the context of modern preventive medicine and a diversity of criteria for assessing the health status and the quality of the environment, the author has used an algorithm of comprehensive studies, which includes a differential analysis of the quality of the environment, by identifying xenobiotics in the atmosphere, soil, drinking water, and foodstuffs, then by ranging environmental factors in each specific region, by making a pooled assessment of a risk, by calculating the integral indices of public and community health, and by taking into account the socioeconomic situation in an area. Six priority indices of the 35 environmental ones, as well as 8 socioeconomic conditions that are most closely related with demographic parameters (r > 0.9) have been identified from the summarized environmental and socioeconomic conditions in the urbanized areas. Four ecological indices and 11 socioeconomic conditions have been identified in the rural areas.

[Assessment of the contribution of environmental factors to the formation of the demographic situation at the regional level].

The most informative priority environmental, social, and economic factors reflecting with the highest significance demographic processes in the urbanized and rural areas have been substantiated from the results of analyzing the data of the Regional Information Fund of sociohygienic monitoring by multivariate (correlation, factor, and regression) analysis methods. Models were obtained, which were used to define quantitative correlations between the demographic indices and the environmental-socioeconomic ones and to identify priority criteria for urbanized and rural areas while predicting their development and taking a managerial decision.

[Integrated estimation of carcinogenic load on the population in the town of Aktobe].

Identification of carcinogens from the results of monitoring various environmental objects in an industrial town (Actobe) could single out 8 priority trace elements, which might cause their human accumulation. A carcinogenic risk was found to be formed due to the high ambient chromium pollution in the residential areas, to the accumulation of the elements in the deposited media and human body. Drinking water is a minor source of the identified carcinogens; therefore it may be borne in mind in the further analysis of a carcinogenic risk.

[Assessment of a risk from environmental factors to human health].

Analysis of the findings has shown that the estimation of the sensitization requires the use of a battery of tests, by taking into consideration both the persons having positive tests and the number of positive tests of the used ones. It is necessary to note that the estimation of the specific sensitization to hexavalent chromium has indicated the higher levels of parameters and percent of positive tests among the children living in the area adjacent to the industrial zone with a further decrease as the major sources of pollution is farther. It should be noted that the chromium sensitization is 10% even in the most distant areas.

[Assessment of demographic and sociohygienic monitoring].

Experience in solving specific problems in sociohygienic monitoring shows that among risk factors, health losses are most commonly considered from the man-caused environmental load on the population, by employing statistical modeling methods and reports on monitoring socioeconomic risk factors are evidently insufficient. A cause-effect relation in the habitat-population health system should be revealed, by taking into account the combined multienvironmental influence of man-caused (chemical, physical) and social factors. For solution of the problems put in work, multivariate analysis was used to reveal the common mechanisms of an association of socioeconomic conditions, national composition, morbidity and disability rates, migration processes, and demographic structure with birth and mortality rates in villagers in the context of economic areas and municipal entities.

[Biological markers of interenvironmental distribution of trace elements in the environmental objects].

Priority trace elements were identified in the environmental objects, such as drinking water, atmosphere of residential areas (by their levels in the snow cover), soil, and foodstuffs. The identification of trace elements in the environmental objects revealed various total loads and distribution of trace elements in the study environments of urban and rural areas, which might be largely determined by the degree of interenvironmental transition and the routes of their migration. By identifying of priority trace elements, the authors constructed models describing the correlation of elements in the study conjugate environments and the specific features of their interenvironmental transition in the environment-man system in the urban and rural areas. Paired correlation and multiple regression analyses on the basis of systemic modeling were used to determine a relationship of trace elements in the study environments to the specific features of their interenvironmental transition. Examination of the trace element status of children's hairs and its comparison with the content of trace elements in the environmental objects allowed an association to be determined between the qualitative and quantitative trace element composition of portable water, soil, snow cover, foodstuffs, and the body's biological media. Summing up the findings leads to a conclusion about the origin of trace element pollutions and the possible routes of their entry into the body and allows consideration of the trace elements Zn, Mn, and Ni as markers of biological exposure of the environment while making a sociohygienic monitoring and assessing the risk to human health.

[Impact of oxidative stress on the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia under the conditions of an industrial town].

The level of cholesterol and its distribution by the fractions of lipoproteins of different classes were studied in the dwellers of an industrial town. The persons living in the residential areas characterized by a high oxidative stress were observed to have higher blood cholesterol levels and dyslipoproteinemia.

[Free radical oxidation in the assessment of health risk].

Aliovalent metals (d-metals, such as manganese, nickel, iron, copper, chromium, etc.) which are able to change the degree of oxidation, to activate free radical oxidative processes, and to initiate the development of the condition that is currently defined as oxidative stress soundly and which are diagnostic criteria in the prenosological assessment of health risks are prominent among other priority ambient air pollutants. The findings suggest that there is a direct relationship between the calculated indices characterizing the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic effects, the risk of oxidative stress, the environmental availability of prooxidants, mainly d-elements (manganese, nickel, copper, zinc) and the actual values of an increase in the rate of lipid peroxidation, of a decrease in antioxidative activity, and of an elevation in the level of methemoglobin formation.

[Lead pollution of some environmental areas]. / Zagriaznenie svintsom nekotorykh ob"ektov okruzhaiushchei sredy.

The levels of lead were determined in snow water, soil, and sludge. Its highest concentration was found in the deposits of the eastern and central areas of the region. These are areas with elevated technogenic loads. The concentration of lead in the snow cover was compared with its levels in the sludge and soil.